Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder

There are many diseases and disorders that plague today†s society, but one of the most serious of those disorders is autism. Autism is not nearly as widely known as the familiar Down†s Syndrome, yet, surprisingly, autism is far more widespread. In fact, autism is the third most common developmental disability, affecting 400,000 people worldwide (Autism Society of America). As of yet there is no cure for this debilitating disorder, only a variety of treatments. Autism is a developmental disability, not a mental illness, that typically appears during the first three years of life and affects 15 of every 10,000 individuals. No one is certain why it occurs, but researchers have found that MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans of people with autism show abnormalities in the structure of the brain. Significant abnormalities include differences in the cerebellum and in the size and number of Purkinje cells within the brain. Sometimes there is a pattern that exists within families from generation to generation. This indicates the possibility that autism is genetically related. However, no gene has been found. Every person with autism is different and there is no set type or typical person with autism. This is because autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning that symptoms and characteristics of the disorder can present themselves in a variety of ways, from mild to severe. Usually children with autism have deficiencies in both verbal and non-verbal communication. Their language develops slowly or not at all and they have very short attention spans. They often lack social skills and will spend time alone, rather than with others. In more severe cases, children have unusual reactions to physical sensations such as being overly sensitive to touch or under responsive to pain. Most commonly, children with autism lack imagination and imitate other†s ideas, rather than initiate their own. Lastly, behavior is greatly affected by autism. They may be overactive or very passive and throw frequent tantrums, injuring themselves, for no apparent reason other than to gather attention. They often lack common sense and show aggressive or violent behavior. While some people only show one or two symptoms, others have all or nearly all and find it extremely difficult to function in society. People with autism do live normal life spans and the behaviors associated may change or disappear over time. As of yet, there is no cure for autism. However, with the proper treatment, many of the behaviors can be positively changed. Some of the treatments include behavioral training, teaching of communication and social skills, auditory training, medications, and a change in diet. Behavioral training or modification, as it is also called, deals with changing or extinguishing inappropriate behaviors and increasing positive behaviors. A few methods are used to do this. One way is self-management where the individual monitors their behavior and receives self-reinforcement. Another method used is modeling. This is when the teacher or therapist demonstrates what is being done so the child can â€Å"model† the steps. Behavioral training is effective in stopping self-inflicted pain by shaping and distributing positive reinforcement. The teaching of communication and social skills is an integral part of treating autism. Speech therapy may include gaining language skills or learning sign language. Some devices are used frequently such as picture communication boards. Another device is used with a trained professional supporting the hand or arm of the person helping them to punch keys on a device. This technique, called facilitated communication, is highly controversial because it is sometimes thought that the facilitator is directing the person†s arm unknowingly. One of the main characteristics of autism is the lack of understanding of social cues (Autism Society of America). The person with autism may be taught how to communicate in social situations or respond to certain facial expressions and emotions. If the emphasis is on social communication, a speech therapist will work closely with the child to ensure proper communication in social situations. Auditory training is sometimes used for those individuals who are oversensitive to sound. An audiologist plays a different variety of sound frequencies in this therapy. The frequencies coincide with the level of the child†s impairment. Food allergies and sensitivities have been shown to produce a variety of symptoms associated with autism (Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 1). It appears that children with autism benefit from diets that are free of gluten and casein. This is possibly because the inability to adequately process these substances can result in disorders such as postpartum psychosis, schizophrenia, and autism (Reichelt & Landmark, 1994). When these processes are not properly metabolized a short chain of amino acids results. They may become active, and behaviors associated with autism result. A small portion of them will cross into the brain causing interference with the signals that account for normal activities. Also many vitamins and minerals have proven to be effective in treating certain behaviors in children with autism because they do not get enough essential nutrients. Many medications are being tested everyday to find a treatment for the symptoms of autism. Some drugs have been effective for such things as stopping self-inflicted pain and other minor symptoms. None, though, have gotten to the source of the problem like the language deficits. Drug therapy is not one of the widely used treatments for autism because there are better methods that allow for more progress. There are still many unanswered questions about autism and its treatments. Sometimes the symptoms can lessen or disappear as the child ages. The majority of people however, will continue to show symptoms throughout their lives. There is not one sure treatment for every person with autism, since every person may have different symptoms. What works for one person may or may not work for another and it is imperative to talk with a doctor about what treatment option will work best with a certain combination of symptoms. Although this is a debilitating disorder, individuals who find the right treatment plan for themselves can lead a normal life.

The all-terrain vehicle-Polaris RZR XP 1000 EPS Ad Essay

The all-terrain vehicle-Polaris RZR XP 1000 EPS ad in a sports magazine is well placed. The ad is intentionally put in the magazine targeting sport enthusiasts or anyone looking for information about the same. The ad in particular targets those who and or would like to engage in off-road races with the intention of convincing them to purchase the product for the same. The ad achieves success with its audience in various ways as described in the document (Polaris Rzr, 11). The ad makes use of a variety of colors with the notable ones being the White Colour of the product-Polaris, with black wheels placed against a brown background of a desert. Red and Silver are also visible with the name of the product being written with the former against a background of the latter. A red background is also used to display the varieties in the products in this case Blue and Red colored vehicles. A uniform font is used in the words with the size of the same being used interchangeably where the name of the product has the biggest font with the details a small font. The ad utilizes plain folks in this case two riders shown while in action with the product (Polaris Rzr, 11) See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay On the language in the ad, the word â€Å"thrill† has connotations of fun and a good must have product. â€Å"New† on the other hand has the denotation of the product having been non-existent in the market. Jargon is also part of the language used in the ad; the product is described as RZR XP 1000 EPS. The ad uses poetic devices one being analogy where performance of the product is described as â€Å"razor sharp.† Repetition is also used for emphasis in describing the product as â€Å"the all- new new 2015 Polaris† (Polaris Rzr, 11). The ad has a logic appeal in this case on authority expressed in pronouncing the manufacturers as â€Å"#1 brand.† Also, there is an emotional appeal in this case on fun with the use of word â€Å"thrill.† The character appeal in the ad is on status in this case â€Å"razor- sharp performance† (Polaris Rzr, 11). The claims in the ad help in reinforcement. One of the claims is on the value with the product being labeled as being from â€Å"the #1 brand.† Another claim in value is on â€Å"delivering ultimate combination of power.† The tone in the ad is such that it is meant to convince the buyer as there is the belief in value by the product manufacturers’ being â€Å"never satisfied until we’ve redefined razor-sharp performance† (Polaris Rzr, 11). There is fallacy in using a false analogy to compare the performance of the product in this case a vehicle to a razor. It begs the question what a razor has in similarity with a vehicle whose main aspect should be on speed (Polaris Rzr, 11). In conclusion, the ad achieves its purpose as with a first glance, any motor sports racing enthusiast and in particular off –road racers will be captivated. Though the ad utilizes jargon in the description, the image of the vehicle in action has a very convincing emotional appeal to the consumers. The ad techniques used relates with the audience (racing fanatics) as they are solely based on the product in this a vehicle. The ad appeals to the audience by offering them a product any person in this group will want to have. References POLARIS RZR. THE RED BULLETIN 5 June 2014: 10-11. Print. Source document

Fish Production

FISH PRODUCTION Aim: This task considers commercial fishing in a particular country in two different environments- the sea and fish farms (aquaculture). The data is taken from the UN Statistics Division Common Database. *The following table gives the total mass of fish caught in the sea, in thousands of tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kilograms) Define suitable variables and discuss any parameters/ constraints. Using technology, plot the data points form the table on a graph. Comment on any apparent trends in your graph and suggest suitable models. Aquaculture pros and cons Pros Feeds the world's demand for seafood Has a tremendous economic impact on world GDP Cons Major impact it has on the ecology of the oceans Utilizes nets or traps may inadvertently capture and kill other marine animals, including turtles, dolphins or sharks. 70 percent of the world's fish species are depleted† or â€Å"fully exploited. † † Wild fish are usually healthier (higher in Omega-3s) and less c ontaminated than farmed fish. Employs more than 200 million people around Overfishing he globe Many people prefer the taste of wild fish. The shipping of fish all over the world uses Farmed fish do not have as much room to fossil fuels and pollutes the environment. move which results in partial growth. http://www. sparkpeople. com/resource/nutrition_articles. asp? id=1282 Using technology, plot the data points from the table on a graph. Overall it seems as though the trend of the mass of fish caught in the sea follows an unpredictable pattern. The mass of fish increases at its highest from 1980-1988.From then onwards it takes it biggest plummet from 1988-1991, then increases rapidly from 1991-1995. After that there are at sharp increases which then follow sharp decreases which can be seen from 1995-2006. The mass of the fish between those time periods follow an up and down then up and down form of pattern. Fish caught at sea can have variables such as weather, temperature, and seaso n that affect it. These variables cannot be controlled no can they be changed, this in return directly affects the mass of the fish caught each year. The following table gives the total mass of fish, in thousands of tonnes, from fish farms. (1 tonne = 1000 kilograms) *Aquaculture pros and cons Pros Can reduce seafood trade deficit Can help feed a growing world population Cons Can conflict with other users of water bodies such as fishermen or migrating fish Can put excess pressure on wild stocks that are used to create high protein feed pellets Can amplify and transfer disease and parasites to wild fish populations Can pollute water systems with excess utrients (fish feed & wastes), chemicals and antibiotics Can threaten livelihood of fishermen Can increase scientific knowledge and technology Can place more emphasis on protecting coastal waters from pollution, especially in the case of mollusk and seaweed culture. May reduce fishing pressure on certain wild stocks if that species can be produced through aquaculture rather than fished. http://www. pbs. org/emptyoceans/educators/activities/docs/Aquaculture-Pros-and-Cons. pdf Using technology, plot the data points from the table on a graph.Overall the mass of the fish from fish farms seems to be increasing exponentially. This increase could be seen from 1980-2000, then from 2002-2006. The only decrease seen in this graph is from 2000-2002. This form of fishing, unlike fish caught in the sea, is unnatural. Almost every variable that could affect the mass and growth of the fish can be changed and interrupted primarily by humans. This gives it more of an advantage than fishing from the sea because as seen in the two different graphs, the fish farm’s graph is increases more rapidly and can also be predicted.

A basic outline of economic considerations that come to play in Essay

A basic outline of economic considerations that come to play in construction management - Essay Example According to the research findings economic theory, despite its crucial impact upon the ultimate success of construction projects and corporations, is often insufficiently understood by construction management professionals. Warren argues that this is due, at least in part, to an insufficient linkage between economic theory and the contexts of construction applications that such professionals hold as their primary disciplinary concern. After all, most construction professionals enter the engineering and building field because they want to design and construct physical structures, not in order to apply economic theory. However, as Hillebrandt argues, basic economic theories must be weighed when approaching construction management because they impact everything from cost of contracts, procurement of resources, and pricing of services offered. In this section, a very basic outline of economic principles that apply in construction management will be offered. The presentation here is kept deliberately simple because, as De Valence argues, construction economics has yet to define a consensus approach to economic theory that accommodates the conditional realities of construction management. Specifically, De Valence argues that construction economies, as a â€Å"still emergent† field, has not yet developed a set of disciplinary applications of economic theories, but merely borrows from a number of other fields, such as finance or economics itself. This is clear in discussions offered by Warren, (2001), Ruddock (2000), Hillebrandt (20002, and others, who often argue from theoretical principles that are applied generally to specific construction case studies. While De Valence (2001) argues that construction management has developed as a discipline for managing the processes and stages of production, therefore, construction economics has not yet found a suitable approach for managing the various economic implications that come to play at each of the various stages. In light of this realty, the discussion of economic theory here will include only the most basic concerns as they apply to the more general applications of construction management. There is no economic factor that impacts upon construction management to a greater degree than the relationship between price and demand for construction services. Ruddock (2009) argues that demand constitutes a major concern for construction economists because it is at the heart of the problem of forecasting costs as well as setting prices that ultimately drive competitiveness. Table 1 provides a simple view of demand concerns as they apply to such pricing and cost impacts. Table 1. Relationship between Demand and Price/Cost Source: Riley, 2006. This demand-price curve is perhaps the most basic general

Steamboal Bill. Jr Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Steamboal Bill. Jr - Movie Review Example This movie is a silent comedy thriller produced in 1928 by Charles Reisner featuring Buster Keaton and he has written the story along with Carl Harbaugh. It is a story about William Canfield (Steamboat Bill) who is a captain owning ship and is awaiting his son to come and join his business who has finished his graduation. But to his dismay, his son arrives with his lover who is the daughter of his business rival King. Steamboat gets jailed for misconduct and his son tries to save him from jail but end up in the middle of the cyclone storm. The storm strikes down building and the wind buffet Steamboat bill Jr. He takes shelter under a tree and it gets uprooted and he land up at the waterfront. Then he gets chance to show his manlihood and ends the rivalry between William and King and save all of them from the accident. The story has a theme of rivalry and triumph of a son. The story has a focus on the rivalry between Canfield and King and which led both the people in trouble. This is also the reason why Canfield hesitates for the marriage between his son and lover. The other theme being the delicate triumph of son over his father where he saves his father and his rival from an accident. It is good to see that the movie has lush scenery which makes the movie a pleasant watch. The movie has a good measure of sympathy and suspense. The different episodes of the movie are depicted discreetly and this enhances the drama of the movie. The special effects of the movie are note worthy as the picturization of storm was technically flawless. It was realistic and added to the technical quality of the movie. The stunts and special effects were inventive and wildly inventive. The Keaton played as a good protagonist with his athletic expression and comedic physicality. Keaton’s stunt shots are immortal .The movie had romance, action and humor. The camera angles of the movie were interesting and there was an innovative

Literature Review on Domestic Abuse From 5 different articles from Dissertation

Literature Review on Domestic Abuse From 5 different articles from Columbia College - Dissertation Example It has often been observed to lead towards permanent physical damages as well as disability of the victims. Children are also classified to be affected due to domestic violence acts which certainly influence their growth as well as social development in a healthy and prosperous way. Article 1 Annotated Bibliography Reference Citation Certain, H. E., Mueller, M., Jagodzinski, T., & Fleming, M. (2008). Domestic Abuse During the Previous Year in a Sample of Postpartum Women. JOGNN 37(1), pp. 35-41. What is the article about? The article relates to domestic abuse of postpartum women. Information about sample and population The sample size considered for the research in this article concentrated on one 1,519 women who were visiting for a postpartum appointment in clinics located in rural, urban as well as suburban locations. Stating precisely, women who were18 years of age and older, being seen for a postpartum visit at 35 obstetric and gynecologic clinics located in 15 Wisconsin counties of United States, were the participants of this study. . Article summary The article is related to the domestic abuse witnessed by postpartum women. The women who visited the clinic were examined through a routine screen to find out whether they have faced any emotional or physical abuse. Why was the research performed? The research was performed to identify the frequency of women being victimized to domestic abuse or violence within the research area. The study also intended to reveal the consequences led by the outcomes of domestic abuse like mental illness, physical damages as well as disability. Findings Following a cross-sectional survey, the study reveals that 112 women were suffering of domestic abuse which provided an alarming ratio of 1 in every 14 women as the victim. It was further revealed that domestic abuse results in poorer health as well as depression amid women. Strengths The article helps in understanding the consequences as well as identifies the elements linked up with domestic abuse. Weaknesses The findings of the article were observed to lack in terms of consistency as well as there was no typical profile of abused women during pregnancy. Implications for Practice The implications of the findings obtained in the study suggest that policies need to be formulated for better identification of domestic abuse. Literature Review According to Certain, Mueller, Jagodzinski and Fleming (2008), 112 women were reported to be a victim of abuse out of the total respondents, i.e. 1,519 women who required postpartum treatments. The study also revealed that abuse of women can result to chronic poor physical health issues, chronic mental illness as well as preterm labor along with low birth weight infants. The clinics providing prenatal as well as postpartum care are thus required to be aware as well as take special care of victims suffering from domestic violence. Postpartum depression has been considered with great significant in this article. The find ings of this study further suggest that depressions as well as mental stresses are also associated with domestic abuse, which further increases the severity of such conducts. The interconnection among domestic abuse as well as postpartum depression is less recognized. However, in few studies which were conducted found out the relation among the postpartum depression as well as domestic abuse. Hispanic ethnicity was considered to be associated with domestic abuse in this study. For instance, the study reveal

Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Modern day jury comprises of 12 members selected randomly and sits for indictable offences in the Crown Court only if the defendant pleads â€Å"not guilty† does a full trial by jury commence. After the summing up of the case the judge clarifies and highlights relevant points of law and summarizes the evidence and events impartially to help the jury. The verdict has to be unanimous but concerns over jury ‘nobbling’ led to accepting 11:1 or 10:2 verdicts as representing legal majority . The problem arises when weighing the pros and the adequacy of the checks placed to vet the cons of jury trial procedure in the interest of justice and whether Article 6 (right to fair trial) is being complied with. To reach any conclusion to that effect the jury selection procedure should be considered and it should be appreciated that only the gravest of offences reach the Crown Court filtered by the Crown Prosecution Service for the strength of the case and the Magistrate’s Court. ... e what may be complex and technical points is an absurd one but has been supported by eminent judges such as Lord Devlin as a bastion of liberty against the state and a fundamental of a democratic society. As a jury is not expected to give reasons for their verdict or follow precedent of past cases, the verdict is based on â€Å"subjective fairness† referred to as jury equity sometimes. Ponting’s Case3 being one such illustration of its importance, where the jury refused to convict a civil servant who had violated s.2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 claiming his actions had been in the public interest. The case prompted the Government to reconsider and amend the law in s.2. No matter the trial by jury instills public confidence in the system, boasts about impartiality, transparency of the system of justice and that the jury pool has not been ‘case-hardened’ like the judges, the important question remains is it a ‘fair’ trial? The pros are ther e at a huge cost of keeping them so, the argument of impartiality of the jury is justified by the mere presumption that random selection of jurors with no direct interest in the case â€Å"should† cancel out any bias and since it is an offence under s.8 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 to obtain or solicit information regarding discussions in the jury room there is no way of knowing if the person whose freedom is being decided has been sacrificed on racial bias as in the case of Sanders v UK4, misunderstanding of the trial proceedings as in R v Mirza5 or mere presumption of guilt and pressure of co-jurors for time delay as in R v Connor and Rollock6. In all these cases one of the jurors had written to the judge explaining their concern at the co-juror’s behavior at the expense of fairness. Where the House of Lords held

Research Paper on Stereotypes Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Stereotypes - Research Paper Example One understanding of stereotypes is that they emerge to exploit differences between competing groups. Stereotyping downplays similar characteristics and magnifies differences. One sees this occur among African-Americans, whose identity clearly goes more in-depth than racial background, as they are more American than African. However, American society consistently splits itself on lines of black vs. white. Another theory of stereotypes relies on psychological research and claims that for human beings it is too difficult to process all the nuances of individuality so stereotypes function to help cognitively organize groups of people. By assigning characteristics to large groups, it aids humans in simplifying, organizing, and predicting the society they function. As a result, there is decreased need to process new information that would distinguish people by individual traits. Sociologist Charles Hurst believes that, â€Å"†¦stereotypes (are) the lack of personal, concrete familia rity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. (Hurst 6).† In these regards, it’s clear that lack of familiarity encourages the lumping together of unknown individuals. Whatever the theory, it’s clear that stereotypes present a problem for society as they inhibit integration and function in large part to maintain a social caste system where upward mobility faces resistance. One can just view the cases of the maquilos workers on the Mexico – Florida border and the gender stereotypes they endured when attempting to receive fair and equitable wages and positions. Stereotypes are in direct opposition to our right as human beings to the pursuit of happiness and personal betterment. While stereotypes exist for a variety of reasons, it’s clear that there are a number of stereotypes that have emerged that are regularly believed by large groups of the general public. One of the major areas of stereotyping occurs in the area of gend er. In these regards, men are presented as needing to be concerned with sports and ‘manly pursuits. Oftentimes, there are stereotypes presented of woman, such as blondes as being outgoing and fun loving, while girls who read having a prudish edge. One comes to witness a great degree of gender stereotypes in phrases such as ‘you should never hit a girl’. As within such statements there is the belief that men should be weak and men physically strong. Another area of stereotyping occurs in terms of race. Race constitutes one of the major areas where stereotyping occurs. For instance, Mexicans are depicted as lazy, while Asians are depicted as being studious and career driven. Still more stereotyping occurs in regards to religion. If one speaks to individuals very familiar with sects of Christianity, for instance, they will oftentimes report that Baptists have different attitudes than Catholics or Lutherans. In addition, there are a wide variety of stereotypes regardi ng practitioners of Judaism, with these individuals being thought of as thrifty or intellectual. Finally, stereotyping also occurs in regards to people’s sexual preferences. In regards to sexual preference, gay individuals are oftentimes depicted as speaking with a lisp or doing fantastical or ‘fabulous’ things. They are also believed to wear specific types

The Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Final Project - Essay Example The argument of the author evolves in the following manner. In Chapter 1, Zakaria presents a main thesis of the book, according to which we will witness the emergence of a â€Å"post-American† global order, within the framework of which the USA will retain its predominance but lose an ability to determine the attributes of international system unilaterally (Zakaria, 2008, pp. 1-5). He compares the change in power dynamics that is taking place currently to the shift in predominance from the Oriental empires to the proto-capitalist West in the 15th to 16th century, arguing that a similar process can be identified nowadays with regard to the rise of Asian nations (Zakaria, 2008, p. 2). Somewhat counterintuitively, Zakaria claims that globalization which led to the dissemination of Western models of capitalist system and mass consumption culture allowed the potential contenders of the U.S., such as China and India, to increase their competitiveness and present an economic challeng e to the American role in the world (Zakaria, 2008, pp. 20-21). Nevertheless, according to Zakaria, the political limitations will not allow either India or China to become real rivals to the U.S. in the short-term future, as the uneven economic development and internal social tensions undermine their potential (Zakaria, 2008, p. 97; p. 132). ... Zakaria ends the book with guidelines for the future U.S. foreign policy that may be summarized as commitment to multilateral policies, creation of broad alliances with the other great powers, and an emphasis on legitimacy as a ‘soft power’ of the USA (Zakaria, 2008, pp. 235-250). For all the arguments presented by Zakaria in his book, the over-optimistic assumptions about the continuing political predominance of the United States in the new globalized world seems the weakest. Zakaria seems to overlook the fact that the loss of economic hegemony was invariably followed by the corresponding weakening of the political role of respective nation in the world, as the examples of Holland in the 17th century and Great Britain in the 20th century demonstrated. His optimism on the alleged lack of strong competitors to the U.S. dominance seems misplaced as well; even if no single state would match the economic and military-political potential of the U.S., the coalition of them cer tainly might, and the rise of BRICS (Brazil, India, China, Russia, South Africa) nations shows that some newly industrialized countries, together with the former contender to the U.S. might, may be not too much content with the global order determined by the Western geo-economic and geopolitical interests. In addition, Zakaria’s naive enthusiasm about the financial globalization as the driving force of supposedly even economic development may be seen as the greatest problem of the book, as his praises for neoliberal restructuring, especially in India, were contradicted both by the events of the Lehman Brothers crisis of September 2008 and the overheating processes in the economies of India and China that led to inflationary pressures and rising social

Analysis of the book First Globalization by Geoffrey C. Gunn Essay

Analysis of the book First Globalization by Geoffrey C. Gunn - Essay Example We will first focus on chapter seven of the book which is titled civilization encounters; this chapter focuses on civilization, Asia's first encounter with civilization was the arrival of missionaries and merchants. Although there was resistance to the Jesuit in china and the restriction of importing European text, there was a change in the people's way of life due to the western culture. People started to adopt the western culture and this can be termed as globalization. Catholic missionaries arrived in Japan in the year 1549, the missionaries were Portuguese and Spain sponsored Jesuits, religion was seen as an integral part of the state and also seen as having extra benefits other than spiritual benefits. Chapter six is entitled enlightenment views of Asian governance, this chapter focuses on the adoption of various forms of governments in Asia, there was high acceptance of forms of government which was influenced by earlier Jesuit writings, Baron however used travel literature to critique despotism in china and also Muslim courts, and it was Plato's idea that china be ruled by a king. The enlightenment of the whole of Asia through adoption of various forms of government also led to early ... Chapter eight is titled livelihoods, this chapter focuses on the introduction of records in Europe concerning Asia, and an example is Luis De Frois who wrote about the differences in early modernity between Japan and Europe, another example is the work of Marco Polo who wrote about the everyday life of china, this writings significantly changed the peoples way of life leading to people learning other languages and the emergence of the major European languages. Written literature worked as a way of popularizing the knowledge and ideas of a certain region, for example the invention of vital geographical knowledge by Europeans who also gained more information from the Arabs. This was aided by the invention of the print media in Europe leading to more and more regions being popularized. There was also the emergence of the alternative literature which was referred to as alternative due to the fact that it seemed to mock the real text, it was characterized by abstract scientific ideas and a good example is the well known book Gulliver travelers, this book however portrays a lot of Asian history and wisdom. Chapter nine is titled language, power and hegemony, the author describe the success of missionary in Asia as a result of mastering the Asian languages, the missionaries were the first lexicographers of the Asian languages while the Portuguese used their own language to their conquest or even worked with interpreters. European colonizers proclaimed the superiority of their language to their conquest and therefore through this there was the adoption of European languages. There was also the emergence of the translation of European literature that would as a result aid in scientific learning by various regions, this

Controls Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controls - Assignment Example Though, few last sets, that is, eleventh and twelveth box decrease its range. The appropriate action to be taken to enhance the control measures should focus on the third box. The third box is the one that has the highest dispersion from the normal weight and thus increase the cost of production. Control measures implemented by the firm should be revised and emphasis on the last box being packed. Two actions can be taken to keep in check the weight of the boxes. First action is to conduct a audit for the weighing equipment. The problem can be the programming set up of those equipment, which lose count on weight for the third box because it does not exceed the limit for the first and second box. The next action is to change the packaging of the third box. The material used in manufacturing the box should be of relative low weight, so that the difference will be filled by the cereal (product). The range difference is solely a failure of the weighing equipment, because it is not reasonable for a calibrate equipment to exceed the range of product weight in a give n set, for instance, a range of 0.2 ounces exceeds the upper limit by 100%. Therefore, my piece of advice to the Operations Manager is to contact technician to either calibrate the weighing equipment or to purchase another weighing equipment if the current one has become obsolete or

Ems Recommendations Essay Example for Free

Ems Recommendations Essay Riordan Manufacturing wants to improve its sustainability practices. In this paper Learning Team C summarizes the business audit assessments on Table one that contains important objectives, targets, and programs involving sustainability. The next section identifies and summarizes the relevant technologies, strategies, products, and practices that increase sustainability. Learning Team C also identifies three best practices that Riordan Manufacturing should consider implementing by describing new items or practices to implement, a summary of cost-benefits, justify why benefits outweigh the costs, and implementation steps for the new items. The last section is a discussion about if the EMS recommendations eliminate the need to comply with state or federal regulations. Assessments Summary Environmental policy will require objectives that focus environmental actions to achieve targets that use quantifiable measures with specific endpoints that relate to the objectives and develop progressive goals that responsible parties’ actions must achieve. In the appendix Table one the Development of Environmental Policy Commitment is an assessment summary nonsustainable process, objectives, target, programs, and responsible party at Riordan Manufacturing four locations Michigan, California, Georgia, and China. Beginning with policy commitment, the rows develop nonsustainable initiatives that Riordan should commit to resolve at each facility. The next column objectives provide the specificity of nonsustainable operational areas that align to specific task for focusing resources and efforts. Targets are quantifiable goals in percentages and have a definite ending point for concluding actions reflect periods of a year or months. The environmental program found on table one are a result from planning activities by the responsible party who is accountable for the activities of the implementation team. The responsible party will represent each environmental policy and the selection of each employee was on interest basis to establish an environmental management system at Riordan. This list of individuals is not exhaustive and additional employees with skills and interest may join to assist responsible parties achieve policy objectives. According to Wilson and Sasseville (1999) it is important to remember when developing a new environmental management system takes no single approach for assigning responsibilities and in small companies an individual may have to handle several functions. Technology, Strategies, Products or Practices The Environmental Protection Agency (2002) describes the permanent total enclosure (PTE) as a capture device that collects and vents organic hazardous air pollutants (HAP) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) to an abatement device. The PTE can be permanent or temporary enclosures that must pass a five point Environmental Protection Agency Method 204 the Criteria and Verification of a Permanent or Temporary Total Enclosure to qualify as an PTE. Once the criteria are met the PTE is assumed to have 100% capture efficiency. If Riordan chooses an PTE the organization can avoid the need for frequent capture efficiency test. The PTE meets or exceeds requirement by the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). This technology can align to Triple Bottom Line minimization strategy by reducing hazardous air pollutants in addition to improving worker health and safety throughout the receiving and molding operations at Rior dan facilities. The energy performance indicators (EPI) are technology that the Environmental Protection Agency supports to manage how manufacturing plants use energy and compares to the industry standard. Riordan Manufacturing may obtain an Environmental Protection Agency energy performance indicator through Energy Star. Operational energy use data enter the device and an energy efficiency test follows the Environmental Protection Agency scoring guidelines on a scale of one to 100 that compares results against nonpublic Census Bureau data. An accurate measurement of energy using EPI technology as a tool produces benefits that reduce energy waste and can align with a minimization sustainability strategy that decreases fossil fuel use. Riordan can address their need to find a sustainable method of treating waste water produced during the molding and mixing processes by partnering with a company already utilizing Ultrafiltration systems to eliminate ground contamination. Ultra filtration (UF) is a pressure-driven process that removes emulsified oils, metal hydroxides, colloids, emulsions, dispersed material, suspended solids, and other large molecular weight materials from water and other solutions. (About Ultrafiltration, 2012). Ultra filtration also offers the additional advantage in that no chemical are used in the filtration process. Three Best Practices Riordan Manufacturing has three best practices this organization may choose to implement at the four manufacturing facilities that reduce three nonsustainable practices in the receiving and molding operations with byproducts of air pollution, water contamination, and energy waste. First, Riordan Manufacturing plants emit a volatile organic compound (VOCs) during plastic-injection creating a hazardous air byproduct that contributes climate change. Riordan Manufacturing may combat VOC air emissions at the four facility locations by implementing a permanent total enclosure (PTE) or 100% capture room that contains harmful air pollutants effects from over spraying fugitive pollutants into the atmosphere. The second practice will combat ground and water contamination that streams from continual material spills in the receiving, and molding areas. A best practice to follow is requiring departments to reuse water throughout the manufacturing process and separate chemicals with a Ultrafiltration system. Small Business Division (2004) writes a Ultrafiltration system treat wastewaters by separating the fluids before it discharges remains into the sewer system. The third practice for Riordan Manufacturing to combat is energy waste and should implement Energy Performance Indicators (EPIs) to benchmark energy consumption the four its manufacturing plants. Most energy  waste comes from equipment settings, machinery left on during nonoperational hours, lighting, heating, and cooling at the four facilities. Machinery will perform better and reduce its energy consumption by cleaning and maintaining it properly, in addition to performing energy saving shutdowns. The second best practice to consider is implementing energy reduction of facility lighting systems. According to Energy Star (n.d.) â€Å"Replace old fluorescent and incandescent lighting with T-8s, ENERGY STAR qualified compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and other energy-efficient lighting systems, and implement a regular lighting maintenance program† (p. 1). New Business Practices Implementation Cost Riordan should review the cost of pursuing air emission reduction; minimizing ground and water contamination, and energy conservation procedures before implementing the above-mentioned EMS recommendations. The initial cost includes time to evaluate and educate leaders, management, and employees on new practices and procedures. Riordan will need to review the environmental cost of pursuing PTE at the China facility to determine what government regulation are obstacles and effect implementation of an EMS for air pollution. Potential financial costs include equipment maintenance for the PTE, especially the control device that must perform at an optimum energy savings capacity. Another environmental cost is for new energy efficient equipment to replace older inefficient machinery and the cost of adapting facilities to include a Ultrafiltration system. The implementation of an energy maintenance system that measure energy use is another financial cost in association with thec entire EMS recommendations. New Business Practices Benefits Facts prove the initial investment that transition a business practice to pro-environment policies is enabling many businesses to expand operations to enhance long-term endurance and profits. A short-Term advantage to an eco-friendly shift is the satisfaction that company actions  are sustainable and may permit operations to earn more profits, boost a healthier environment, gain cost reductions, expand into new markets, and develop employee motivation and health. Long-term gain can include a substantial economic performance by attracting socail responsible investors who prefer the practices of a sustainable company. This can put a business on track for listings on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI), the DJSI North America, or the DJSI United States. â€Å"Companies listed on the DJSI World Index enjoy benefits including improved access to investment capital (because shares of DJSI members are recommended for sustainability investing), prestige, and brand enhancement (because recognition as a global sustainability leader can enhance a company’s reputation in the eyes of stakeholders, financial analysts, and the public at large) â€Å"(Savits Weber, 2006, p. 75). New Practices Implementation Steps To implement Riordan Manufacturing new sustainable policies and targets, responsible parties should take steps to implement the new environmental policies items. According to Wilson (1999) â€Å"The most important steps is to begin to focus your people and available resources toward the strategy and structure of your EMS† (p. 109). To implement an EMS, Riordan should follow six steps 1. Assessment and Evaluation of current policies and proposed policies. 2. Planning and Organizing 3. Developing and establishing communication with internal departments and external groups 4. Training in new procedures and policies 5. Ensuring Operational Control 6. Implement EMS Plans Regulations Compliance Riordan Manufacturing deals in the development of plastic molding injection products that affect the environment. Compliance with Environmental Protection Agency guidelines are requirements despite any  voluntary sustainable business plan Riordan decides to take. However, these recommendations permit the company to improve environmental standard without falling further out of compliance. Under Title VI of the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for enforcing regulations to protect the public from the airborne contaminants. The Environmental Protection Agency looks to protect the ozone layer and to provide for a smooth transition away from ozone-depletion substances (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011). This recommendation for reducing air pollution increases the efforts to maintain a safe breathable environment. By implementing a Ultrafiltration system and using water-based lubricants Riordan can comply with regulations to minimize hazardous waste streaming into the drainage systems. The EPA expectation for leak and repair within a facility is also a requirement Riordan should focus on. The new regulatory standards improve the identification of air quality issues and take appropriate measures to resolve quickly compliance issues when situations arise, for example long-term worker health problems from exposure to high levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions. Manufacturing organizations are under scrutiny to provide a safe environment. The EPA uses stringent guidelines that businesses must follow if businesses want to alleviate financial burdens from fines and legal actions. Riordan Manufacturing EMS recommendations support environmental policies by using sustainability practice and reduce potential risk of violating regulations that the EPA enforces. The actions for establishing the EMS recommendation do not eliminate the need to comply with the state and federal regulations and permits Riordan to use sustainable practices to improve operations. Conclusion Learning Team C in this paper uses recommendations to explain the necessary consideration that Riordan Manufacturing should factor when developing and implementing sustainability practices at the four plant  locations. This information should provide a good foundation for weighing the cost and benefits of increasing sustainability using strategies that incorporates technology, products, and practices that change how a traditional manufacturer operates. Reference Energy Star. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.virginiaenergysense.org/cue/pdfs/14_manufacturer.pdf . Manufacturing Plants: An Overview of Energy EPA, 2002. U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, OAQPS EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual, Section 2 Chapter 3, EPA 452/B-02-001. Research Triangle Park, NC. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/dir1/cs2ch3.pdf Savitz, A. W., Weber, K. (2006). The triple bottom line; How todays best-run companies are achieving economic, social and environmental success and how you can too.. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetdataid=68ea 0c22-4a52-a8a2-6d888e1970b6assetmetaid=110c35c0-5d52-4a67-b40 c0975f06a570 Wilson, G. W. (1999). Sustaining Environmental Management Success: Best Business Practice from Industry Leaders. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetdataid=de10aede-2fb0-499c-8b65-d33031647201assetmetaid=2a0eb9a1-2925-4fc6-8601-337d041e4 274. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2011, October 26). Enforcement Actions under Title VI of the Clean Air Act. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ozone/enforce/index.html

Ionising Radiation Treatment for Food Preservation

Ionising Radiation Treatment for Food Preservation Xinhao DAI Introduction (principles how it works) Irradiation (gamma rays, electrons or X-rays) is applied to foods for promoting food safety and eliminating and reducing pests that are harmful to plants and plants products ((EFSA), 2011). The first use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in Germany, in which a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart started to improve the hygienic quality of its products by irradiating them with electrons, using a van de Graaff generator. After some hesitations whether to grant permissions for marketing irradiated food, the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, aiming to carry out a worldwide research program on the health safety of irradiated food (Diehl, 2002). The committee concluded in 1980 that the irradiation of any food commodity up to an overall average dose of 10kGy presented no toxicological hazard and no special nutritional or microbiological problems (WHO, 1981). The International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) was created in 1983, now supported by 45 member countries, and provides publications on the safety of irradiated food, the effectiveness of food irradiation, commercialization of the process, legislative aspects, control of irradiation facilities, and acceptance of the information on food irradiation(Diehl, 2002). As ionizing radiation passes through food, it creates a trail of chemical transformations by primary and secondary radiolysis effects. The extent of chemical reactions induced by irradiation in food components depends on following variables: irradiation treatment conditions (absorbed dose, dose rate, facility type), presence or absence of oxygen, temperature as well as composition of food. The main reported radiolytic products are certain hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcylobutanones produced from the major fatty acids in food, and some cholesterol oxides and furans ((EFSA), 2011). Application to Food Preservation All irradiated foods are supposed to have a label (G.H. Zhou, 2010). The irradiation technology was promoted by the FAO in the Codex Alimentarius in 2003 and has been well accepted in 50 countries. Irradiation technology is used worldwide to sterilize medical devices and pharmaceuticals, preserve artefacts, process cosmetics, packaging and food, and enable material improvements in consumer and manufactured goods ((EFSA), 2011). The following types of ionizing radiations are covered by international standards of the Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and are therefore internationally recognized for the treatment of foods and permissible under Directive 1992/2/EC concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionizing radiation: Gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV8 as emitted by the radionuclide cobalt-60 (Co-60) or gamma rays of 0.66 MeV as emitted by caesium-137 (Cs-137); Electrons (electron beams, E-beams) generated from machine courses operated at or below an energy level of 10 MeV; or X-rays generated from machine sources operated at or below an energy level of 5 MeV ((EFSA), 2011). The irradiation technology is highly efficient of inactivating bacteria, and the product is essentially chemically unaltered and the appreciable thickness materials, which can be used after packaging. It is non-thermal, thus it wont change the freshness and nutritional quality of the meat and meat products, though color change may occur due to the inherent susceptibility of the myoglobin molecule to energy input and alterations in the chemical environment.(G.H. Zhou, 2010). The radiation treatment results in no loss of thiamine, which is one of the least stable vitamins (Graham, 1998). Disinfestation of papayas and other exotic fruits (rambutan, lychee, star fruit, atemoya) by irradiation process in Hawaii for shipment to US mainland enabled Hawaiian exports to offer products with higher quality, instead of steam heating them for several hours (Diehl, 2002). Degradation products of parathion formed by irradiation seem to protect against a decline of antioxidant capacity and reduce polyphenolic loss. Ionizing radiation was found to be useful in breaking down pesticides residues without inducing significant loss of polyphenols (Issam Ben Salem, 2013). Gamma irradiation was effective in delaying deterioration reactions, improving microbiological, chemical, and color quality of vacuum-packed squid rings stored at 4-5  °C (Yeannes, 2012). Safety World Health Organization encourages the use of food irradiation, which is described as ‘a technique for preserving and improving the safety of food’ (WHO, 1988). However, the high radiation doses up to 25 kGy produced a statistically significant (p While inoising radiation being an effective method to reduce pathogenic E.coli O157: H7 in meat and poultry products (E. Mayer-Miebach and Schuchmann, 2005), Bacillus cereus LSPQ and Salmonella Typhi ATCC 19430 are radiotolerant bacteria (Samia Ayari, 2009). A recent research studied the effect of irradiation by dufferent irradiation types (gamma and electron beam), irradiation doses (1, 3, 7 and 10 kGy) and does rates (5kGy s-1 for electron beam and 0,4 1.85 kGy h-1 for gamma) on fifteen retail packaging materials. The results confirmed that irradiation-induced changes do occur in substances with the potential to migrate and that the safety of the finished packaging material following irradiation showed be assessed (M. Driffielda, 2014). Other study showed gamma-radiation did not affect the kinetics of plasticizer migration. On the contrary, electron-beam radiation produced shorter equilibration times for all food-simulating solvents tested at 40  °C. The values are far below the European Union restriction (1mg Kg-1 body weight) for ATBC and PVC. Thus PVC cling film may be used in food irradiation application in contact with aqueous foodstuffs (P.D. Zygoura, May 2011). Some studies indicate that at least some alkylcyclobutanones can induce DNA damage in vivo. No in vivo genotoxicity studies are available; however, the Panel considers a genotoxic hazard in humans unlikely. The only new contrary evidence was leukoenohalomyelopathy in cats, which have been fed mainly, or exclusively with highly irradiated feed (>25kGy). The finding has only been reported with cats, dogs consumed the same pet food did not show the disease in one report. A clear mechanistic explanation in terms if risk assessment has not been established yet ((EFSA), 2011). Suitability Due to the opposition from some very influential anti-irradiation activist groups an the uncertain about the acceptance of irradiated commodities by consumers, for many years, only spices and seasonings are still being irradiated worldwide on a significant scale. The irradiation of meat and meat products in USA requires prior approval not only by FDA, but also by US Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) (Diehl, 2002). Conclusion The ionizing radiation works by passing through food, creating a trail of chemical transformations by primary and secondary radiolysis effects. The irradiation technology can be used on fruits, vegetables, meat products, and spices. It is highly efficient of inactivating bacteria, disinfestation with minimum influence of nutritional factors of food to achieve longer shelf life and better food quality. However, some studies showed migration of some packaging material with aqueous foodstuff after irradiation. The development and permeation of ionizing irradiation become very slow due to vocal anti-irradiation activist groups and uncertain about the acceptance of irradiated commodities by consumers. References (EFSA), E. F. S. A. 2011. Scientific Opinion on the Chemical Safety of Irradiation of Food. EFSA Journal, 9. DIEHL, J. F. 2002. Food irradiationFpast, present and future. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 63, 211-215. E. MAYER-MIEBACH, M. R. S., U. ESCHRIG, L. DENIAUD, D.A.E. EHLERMANN, SCHUCHMANN, H. P. 2005. Inactivation of a non-pathogenic strain of E. coli by ionising radiation. Food Control, 16, 701-705. G.H. ZHOU, X. L. X., Y. LIU 2010. Preservation technologies for fresh meat – A review. Meat Science, 86, 119-128. GRAHAM, W. D., STEVENSON, M. H., STEWART, E. M. 1998. Effect of irradiation dose and irradiation temperature on the thiamin content of raw and cooked chicken breast  meat. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, , 78, 559-564. IRENE GALA ÃÅ' N, M. L. G. A. M. D. S. 2011. Effects of ionising irradiation on quality and sensory attributes of ready-to-eat dry fermented sausages enriched with folic acid. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 46, 469-477. ISSAM BEN SALEM, S. F., HAITHAM SGHAIER, MEHREZ BOUSSELMI, MOULDI SAIDI, AHMED LANDOULSI, SAMI FATTOUCH 2013. Effect of ionising radiation on polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential of parathion-treated sage (Salvia officinalis) leaves. Food Chemistry, 141, 1398-1405. M. DRIFFIELDA, E. L. B., I. LEONA, L. LISTER, D.R. SPECK, L. CASTLE AND E.L.J. POTTER 2014. Analytical screening studies on irradiated food packaging. Food Additives Contaminants, 31, 556-565. P.D. ZYGOURA, E. K. P. A. M. G. K. May 2011. Effect of ionising radiation treatment on the specific migration characteristics of packaging–food simulant combinations: effect of type and dose of radiatio. Food Additives and Contaminants, 28, 686-694. PANAGIOTA D. ZYGOURA, E. K. P., MICHAEL G. KONTOMINAS 2011. Migration levels of PVC plasticisers: Effect of ionising radiation treatment. Food Chemistry, 128, 106-113. SAMIA AYARI, D. D., MATHIEU MILLETTE, MOKHTAR HAMDI, MONIQUE LACROIX 2009. Changes in membrane fatty acids and murein composition of Bacillus cereus and Salmonella Typhi induced by gamma irradiation treatment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 135, 1-6. WHO 1981. WholesomenessofIrradiatedFood. Technical Report Series 659. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO 1988. FoodI rradiation.A Technique for Preserving and Improving the Safety of Food. Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization. YEANNES, A. T. M. A. I. 2012. Gamma radiation effect on quality changes in vacuum-packed squid (Illex argentinus) mantle rings during refrigerated (4–5  °C) storage. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47, 1550-1557.

Human Resource Mechanisms in Healthcare

Human Resource Mechanisms in Healthcare Quynh Phuong Diem Nguyen Health care workers are people, who often work in hospital, healthcare centers and other service delivery points, but also in academic training, research and administration; some provide care and treatment services for patients in private homes. Human resources are really important to a health care systems effectiveness. From an economics viewpoint, health workers salaries make up a great share of health budgets in most countries. The health worker can be considered as the gatekeeper of the health system. However, caregivers are getting low-paid in spite of the fact that they are the people perform the most intimate, most personal tasks for our frail, elderly parents and grandparents. According to NZ Herald, they do almost everything for a medium pay rate of around $15/hour only $1.25 more than adult minimum wage. Dr Judy McGregor, Equal Employment, Opportunities Commissioner, called this is a form of modern-day slavery. Healthcare workers and other formals carer told that they love the work in spite of the low pay, but others said they had little time to care properly or that they often werent paid for some of their work, for example  writing daily progress notes on residents after the end of their shifts (Collins, 2013). Therefore, whats health care workers motivation to continue working in this sector? In New Zealand there are 20,000 people; most of them are women and many of them new immigrants, work as caregivers in nearly 700 rest homes and geriatric hospitals. According to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, there are 5 basic things of human needs: Self-actualization, Esteem, Love/Belonging, Safety and Physiological. As shown in this theory, a persons basic need must be met before self-actualization can be achieved. There is a way of thinking about the different needs of individual employees. In lower-order needs of physical and emotional well-being are basic all; once satisfied, these no longer serve as motivators. Therefore, a lot of people have to take thi s job for their whole life to meet their own needs. Such as Rouru Kiria, a 55 years old woman has been a caregiver for 15 years at the now renamed Meadowbank Lifestyle and Care Village. As the facility moved more towards the retirement village model in 2010, at the same time her husband had a kidney transplant, her job became redundant. They have to live in a rented home and both unemployed. However, she was still looking for work in aged care despite the low pay. She said she will take whatever is given since its better than the dole (Collins, 2013). Generally, if a health worker feel that they are effective at their jobs and having well performance they can be motivated and express their job satisfaction. Factors contributing to motivation and job satisfaction also include an adequate compensation, strong career development, adequate working and living conditions. Despite of the fact that health care workers get a low salary, having strong human resources mechanisms within a healt h system can also help to ensure what motivational factors are in place at adequate levels to keep health workers satisfied. According to the Inside our Rest Homes series by NZ Herald in 2012, one in four  caregivers left their job in aged care homes and hospitals. The series also showed that there is high turnover that affect quality of care, as well as discouraging staff development and training which adversely impact stress levels. Therefore, we all come up with the question that what is major source of stress. According to some research, stress usually comes from 4 factors: Environmental factors, Organisational factors, Job factors and Personal factors. According to some research, many caregivers have to work under pressure because lack  of staff. Some which work in a high dependency hospital fear that their needs are not always being met. This also leads to high mental and physical stress. Some said stress comes from surrounding environment, physically tough; their pay rate doesnt reflect the responsibility that they carry, having to constantly train and orientate new staff due to high attrition r ate. An estimated 30,000 women working in aged care have been underpaid and undervalued for too long (Herald, 2013). While others think that the worst thing about their job are low pay, stress and physical strain on body. Some of them even being yelled at, hit and being called names by resident (Katherine Ravenswood). Based on the research of NZ Aged care workforce survey, the most common causes of injury or illness which relate to work were lifting, pushing, pulling and bending movement (43.7%); hitting, being hit or cut by person. Non-specified  causes accounted for 20.7% of injuries which is a small number cited falls but long term exposure. Therefore, to reduce staff turnover and improve organizational outcomes we need to come up with some appropriate solutions. Hiring more staff and using an objective pre-screening tool to identify those likely to succeed can be one of the ways to manage this problem. There is about 46% of the healthcare staff that have no qualification said in Dr. McGregors report, which may leads to lower quality of caregiving (Simon Martin, 2013). There is a large proportion of participant had completed some of the National certification in health, disability and aged support but there is number of people that hadnt completed it yet. Caregivers should be trained both skills and knowledge in order to work more effective. On the other hand, caregivers also need to be respected and supported from everyone around, especially from their boss. Getting exhausted and having no actual support make the staff easily quit the job, which means aged care organisations need to get more people and at the same time give them proper training. Some trainees said they want to be supported by their boss while they are studying and also the responsibilities my boss trusts them with. Also match the caregiver with the right client can be one appropriate solution to reduce their stress. By discovering which role applicants are best and suit for in order to help them not to work under pressure (Talintel, 2013). Residential  care is more applicable for the old aged people due to the lack of capability of taking care of themselves. Based on my study of changes that affect employee behavior in organisations, employee behaviour basically relies on number of factors which resulting quality fluctuation of the care services among its stakeholders and their residents. In other words, there are 4 main factors that affect employees behaviour in organisation: Political factor, Economic factor, Socio-cultural factors and Technological factor. According to the article which was published by  Ministry of health, asset threshold has become one of the prime factors to measure the amount spent by the older people in enjoying the residential care services (Changes to the Residential Care Subsidy asset threshold, 2016). On 1 July every year, the asset threshold is set at a new level which will be determined and set by the government with cost residential care. According to the instruction of the governmen t, the person with equal possession or below the specific asset threshold would be accounted for government funding. There was an increase of the asset in the cost of care services on consumer price index, in other word they dont have to depend on a lump sum amount every year from 1st July, 2012 onwards. This change means that it will takes you longer for the value of your assets to reduce to the threshold and for you to become eligible for the Residential Care Subsidy if you have been assessed as having assets with a value above the current threshold. On other hand, it is clear that the rest home staffs have unsustainable paid in proportion to the value of service provision. In the Equal Pay  Case, the union has talked about raising the hourly caregiver rate to $26.00 from the current average of $15.30. According to their calculations, the sector would need to find an additional $500 million annually in order  to increase caregiver pay rates. In that case, the staffs have switc hed option to the other care and rest home institute against satisfactory pay scale, some even change into another job. Staffs in the residential care also have to with deal more with emotion than the rational knowledge and skills. The New Zealand aged care association has claimed that the residential care homes under the association is capable  to pay higher to the staffs based on the value of the area they work on. However, even when some employers want to give their workers a raise, they still cant do it since they stuck to the contract with government, which funds homes for the care they deliver (Equal Pay Case, 2012). Thus, the organisations should develop the benefit package on residential care on long term service provision in order to attract potential care staffs in the company. The association would also enter into a contract with the government to improve the care services against better pay scale and security on future residential care provision. According to my interview and my opinion of the respondents it is clear that the care home staffs have faced more difficulties in the service provision than the benefits from the organisation. Salary is the key issue among all the respondents where no one is happy with the current pay scale of the care home staffs in proportion to the effort and labour contributed. On the other hand, payment, workplace relationship, clients complaints after service or some caregivers be bothered about the organisational behaviour and treatment of the co-workers which can create the state of stress. Based on the responses obtained and my study of the relevant theories, I have made some practical suggestions to management. Provide meaningful feedback in a constructive manner on a regular basis. Helpful feedback in manner to employees which will encourage them is a cornerstone of effective management. However, feedback is not always positive but that the communication is done thoughtfully. Another sugge stion is respect employees as individuals, in addition to the job they do. According to Allieli and most of health care student that I have interviewed with, they all want to be respected by their residents, their colleagues, especially their family. Furthermore, they also want to be given credit or some specific feedback for what they do. Management support in times of need wont be forgotten; it builds employee goodwill and loyalty (Lipman, 2013). Moreover, non-financial rewards in terms of achievement recognition and disclosure of contribution of the care home staffs would overwhelm the staffs to stay back in the association for better service provision to the older people. Maria also mentioned above the interview that the pay scale is major factor to reduce morale of the care home staffs. In that case, the salary package of the staffs needs a little upliftment to motivate the staffs under greater scope of financial benefits. Salary and wage are considered as the most common motiv ation for caregivers. Moreover, be sure management at all levels of an organization receives adequate training. Theres a tendency for companies to put so much effort in training leader while focusing far less on supervisors and middle managers. Mrs Kiria, who was a senior union delegate with the Nurses Organisation, said she received adequate training, but some colleagues had difficulties she attributed to lack of training (Simon Martin, 2013). Therefore, providing fairly training is really important, especially when it can minimize employee turnover rate. References Changes to the Residential Care Subsidy asset threshold. (2016). Ministry of Health. CIPD. (2007). Annual survey report. Recruitment, retention and turnover, 36. Collins, S. (2013, 11 27). NZ Herald. Inside our rest homes: Aged cares low-paid workforce. Equal Pay Case. (2012). Herald, N. (2013). Rest home chains face legal battle over pay. Katherine Ravenswood, J. D. (n.d.). THE NEW ZEALAND AGED CARE WORKFORCE SURVEY 2014. A FUTURE OF WORK PROGRAMME REPORT, 22. Lipman, V. (2013). 7 Management Practices That Can Improve Employee Productivity. Forbes. Simon, Martin. (2013). NZ Herald. Inside our rest home. Talintel. (2013). The 5 Key Ways To Reduce Caregiver Turnover, 4.

The Independent Artist in The Awakening and Narcissus and Goldmund :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Independent Artist in The Awakening and Narcissus and Goldmund  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the great themes of the modern Western literary tradition is that of the artist's independence. Writers throughout history have struggled with this problem in their own lives. Often coming from the upper classes, they may decide to give up a life of relative comfort and financial security in order to explore the wilds of the human spirit through literature. They must choose between financial and emotional satisfaction. This is the decision made by the protagonists of both Hermann Hesse's Narcissus and Goldmund and Kate Chopin's The Awakening. In both of these novels, the protagonist leaves mainstream society behind in order to become an artist, perhaps mirroring the lives of the authors themselves. But it is not the mere physical departure from mainstream society that is the most important factor in these novels. What is most important is the emotional and mental distance that Goldmund and Edna place between themselves and their respective cultures. In both of the se novels, the artist is portrayed as a renegade spirit, leaving behind the strictures of their cultures of birth in order to pursue art. These cultural strictures come in a number of forms. First, the artist attacks intellectual conformity, choosing art over all other means of self-expression even though it is not widespread in his or her society. Though it is not explicitly stated - and is perhaps even subconscious - the artist chooses art over either academe or high society. The artist questions society's customs, making this choice explicit in their daily actions. The artist rejects ostentatious displays of wealth and the cultural emphasis on money, replacing it with a frugal simplicity more conducive to authentic experience. Finally, the artist calls into question the cultural construct most important to any understanding of human interaction - the binary conception of gender. Attacks on conformity In Narcissus and Goldmund, Goldmund begins the novel at a medieval cloister, a bulwark of classical - that is, Greek and Roman - culture against the backdrop of a backward Europe. Hesse emphasizes the unchanging nature and relative permanence of the cloister and its population: "Generations of cloister boys passed beneath the foreign tree... There were always newcomers; and the faces changed every few years, yet most of them resembled one another, if only for their blond and curly hair" (3-4; ch.

Risk Assessment with Relation to Falls in the Home in the Elderly Popul

This assignment will focus on the issue of Risk Assessment with relation to falls in the home in the elderly population. It will discuss the relationship between the community healthcare team and the individual client, the government policies related to the topic, and the influences of health policy upon the provision of community care. The role of the community nurse in public health education and promotion will also be explored. The client, in this particular instance, is Mrs Pugh. She is an 84-year-old female who lives alone since her husband's death 3 years ago. Mrs Pugh has a previous medical history of 'unexplained falls'. Her medical records also highlight the fact she is suffering from osteoporosis and arthritis. Mrs Pugh has recently been discharged home from hospital following surgical repair of a fractured tibia and fibula, the result of another 'unexplained fall' at home. Mrs Pugh has a carer who comes in daily to assist with hygiene, helping Mrs Pugh have a shower each day; she also supports Mrs Pugh with general domestic tasks. It is important to emphasise that the pair of them have developed a very good relationship. Mrs Pugh has always been a fiercely independent lady and doesn't take kindly to any, as she puts it, interference in her personal life. However, the relationship she has with her carer is very important to her. Health promotion is based on theories about what influences peoples' health and then what constitutes an effective intervention or strategy to improve health (Naidoo and Wills 1999). These theories are based on research. Research may be defined as 'any systematic information-gathering activi... ... totally irrelevant to them can lead to time wasting and frustration (Spicer 1982b). The clients' ability to learn must then be ascertained, the nurse must approach the client in a manner appropriate to the client, using language the client will understand. Finally, the nurse should assess the clients' readiness to learn. Luker and Caress (1989) emphasise that the physical and psychological consequences of ill health can affect the learning process. The client's carer and family will also require information, education and support from the nurse to enable them to provide the appropriate support for the client. The nurse may also have to make referrals to colleagues, such as the occupational therapist; so all the information should be available to other health professionals who may be involved in the clients' care.

Philosophical Perspectives on Music Education Essay

Music is one subject that is very rarely given attention in the academe. The most controversial issue that is attached to this is whether or not music should be taught in schools, or why music should be taught, for that matter. Contrary to what most people believe, music education is an imperative part of student growth (Davidson, 1932). This issue has resulted to the perceived need to change public opinion. Several â€Å"music advocacies† which come in many forms were established, seeking to change this mindset that people have about music education. Most music advocacies are based on legitimate findings and scientific arguments, although many others rely on unconvincing and rather controversial data. It should be noted that students should be exposed to music so that they are able to communicate and understand their own feelings (Zbikowski, 2002). Arts, whether it be visual or audio allows us to have an insight to our emotional self and cultivates the growth of intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence. In colleges, music education is usually one of the densest subjects. Although some schools and organizations encourage incorporation of arts in classes, such as music with other subjects such as Math, Science, or English, people still fail to see the importance of arts in the academics (Zbikowski, 2002). For many people, academic subjects should go beyond what is best for the students to learn. It should also incorporate things that will help students cultivate the need to learn. Music has taken the biggest cut on the academe—it has not been given importance as it should be. In this paper, the philosophical perspectives of three authors will explain why music is among the most important subjects that should be taught in schools and why there is a need to do so. Charles Fowler Charles Fowler believes that through artistic representations such as music, people are able to share, at some point, a common humanity. In the same manner, life would be meaningless without shared expressions which make people understand one another. He also very firmly believes that Science is not the only conveyor of what we may consider true. Science may be able to explain how flowers bloom or how humans are conceived, but it fails to convey its emotive meaning and impact, as the Arts does. He emphasizes that both are important, and that both should be given importance (Fowler, 1996). He considers Arts such as music as an act of intelligence and should be treated no less compared to other subjects as it is a form of thought that is every bit as important as science and mathematics when it comes to what these subjects convey. Inasmuch as the pyramids of Egypt, the Statue of Liberty, and the Hanging Garden of Babylon can be mathematically or scientifically explained as to how they were built, a musical piece can also show people many other evenly important aspects of its existence. Arts allow us to create our own representation to concepts, ideas and feelings as perceived by people. In the same manner, music was created for us to be able to react to the world in the form of music, to record our impressions and to analyze things and share them with other people. Like science and mathematics, music needs to be studied before being fully understood (Fowler, 1996). Because today’s schools are understood to be concerned as they should be to teaching literacy, it should be noted that literacy also includes understanding of music. This is because music allows us to fully express, represent, and communicate the full scale of human life, which is a pre-requisite to understanding the real essence of language, mathematics, science, economics, philosophy, and the list could go on and on. If one is asked, â€Å"What constitutes a good education? † one is expected to hear an answer which would mention about a full knowledge about Sciences and Math. True enough, this is very critical in a person’s life if he aims to have a place in the work force. Very few would also argue with that. However, this idea should not and never make us overlook how important music is and what it can do for the mind and spirit of people (Fowler, 1996). Fowler believes that school administrators, teachers, professors and educators should be reminded that one obligation that a school has for their students is to inspire them, in whatever way, and ignite their minds for them to be better individuals. Music often ignites that goal and serves as the fuel. It is one way to apply one’s imaginations, thoughts and feelings. In relation to the reform movement of America which focuses on improving the quality of education by inspiring them, introducing self discipline, discovering the joys of learning, the uniqueness of one’s being, the possibilities and wonders of life and the achievement and satisfaction, Fowler believes that arts can be used to attain these goals (Henry, 1958). He also emphasizes that the world does not need better and more arts education simply because the world needs more artists. He believes that there are far better reasons for schools to provide a healthy and in-depth education in Arts. Quite simply, this is one way people communicate with each other, although not generally verbally, but emotionally. Music is the language of the world which helps people express fear, anger, anxiety, curiosity, hunger, hopes, dreams and so on. Music is the universal language by which the world is able to express itself to its constituents; the world speaks through music. Music is not just important—Fowler believes that it is a center force of human existence. Arts in school should never be isolated from any other subjects in the academe. It should be included in the framework of general education and should be part of the curriculum of all American schools, or all schools in the world for that matter. Arts should at all times be related to general education because it is essential in establishing a strong curriculum. Every person should then be given the opportunity to learn as much as they can about arts (Fowler, 1996). Charles Leonhard  Leonhard believes that although it is an easy task for educators to make their students love music, they should still consider finding ways to make music education more effective and enjoyable. He discussed that there is a raising concern for higher standards of music education. For instance, students nowadays are more informed about music, which is why educators should also adapt to this by teaching higher standards of musical literature and musical performances, and using better musical instruments that will best fit the taste of students and will thus inspire them to learn more about music. By doing so, he stresses out that school administrators all over the world will be inspired to make music education as an equal part of the general education (Elliot, 1995). He was also concerned about music being part of everyone’s lives. As the motto of music educators has for years been â€Å"Music for every child and every child for music†, this applies that every child and youth should be taught to love music, regardless the degree of understanding or talent in music they have. Just as this is important, he also believes that the music teaching should be on the same footing to that of the regular academic subjects and should be made functional, instead of treating it like a fad. Leonhard feels that now is the time to firmly establish music in the school curriculum, to gain increased acceptance of the idea that music should be an essential part of general education for everyone. Achievement of this ambition requires an expanded range of communication between music educators and all other educators, plus the interested public. It is only by a wider sharing of ideas that changes can occur. To achieve this, a very sensible approach has been used. This approach is placing ideas about the values of music education in a broader context of ideas about education in general and of building relationships between the intellectual resources of music educators. This is surely advisable, even necessary. Nevertheless there are difficulties in this kind of operation. Estelle Jorgensen Estelle Jorgensen contested many philosophers who treated music as a â€Å"difficulty†, and who considered music not to be part of the general education. Jorgensen sees the importance of having people be aware of the need to understand, appreciate and use music for one to apply it in his or her everyday life. The arts then have a potential contribution to the general education, as it has in general life. While school subjects often included music, arts were not always present. She believes that most people fail to see the importance of arts in the reality of life, and what difference it does to the world. For instance, love in itself is art; the human body is an art; everything around us is an art, yet many fails to understand and realize this fact. In American schools where there is willingness on the part of the authorities to accord a reasonable amount of time to music, she believes that work in appreciation is sometimes undertaken. But to accomplish anything systematic and lasting, teachers would have to be content to attack the problem in a less spectacular manner than commonly maintains in our schools. In view of the experience which precedes this work, the study of music appreciation in the high school should begin at the beginning and be satisfied to cover comparatively little ground. There are, moreover, three requisites without which any course of this kind would be practically worthless. First, the teacher must be a reasonably well-educated musician, possessing knowledge of the subject far more extensive than that required by his immediate work, and an acquaintance with other branches of education such as would enable him to draw parallels between music and other fields of learning. He should have, too, a highly cultivated taste, and a faith in the capacity of youth to perceive and enjoy beauty without the aid of sugar-coated musical palliatives or sensational devices which are calculated to enhance interest, but which, in reality, distract attention from the music itself. And last, the illustrations should offer as nearly as possible a true presentation of the work under discussion. She believes that music should be thought in an ideal way for it to be appreciated (Rogers, 1998). Conclusion Like other subjects in the curriculum of American schools, the arts provide an opportunity for children to realize certain talents and potentials. Particularly in their creative modes, the arts ask students to reach inside themselves to explore their own fascinations and perceptions and to give them suitable and precise representation. In the process of translating their inner discernments and revelations into a symbolic form, children discover and develop their capabilities and uncover some of their human possibilities. Because they are so personal in what they require of each would-be artist, the arts can disclose important insights and impart crucial–and practical-habits of thought that are generally not taught as well through other subjects (Swanwick, 1996). Among the three philosophers, Charles Fowler had much to say about Arts being an essential part of a school’s curriculum. It is precisely because the creative act flows from the inside out rather than the outside in that it helps youngsters discover their own resources, develop their own attributes, and realize their own personal potential. Education generally does not do this. That is, usually students are told, â€Å"Here is the way the world is,† rather than asked, â€Å"What do you think the world is or might be? † Through the process of refining their own personal visions, students discover and develop their own intellectual resources. Because the arts ask students to determine their own abilities, they are self motivating. They propel and stimulate, fascinate and captivate because they engage students personally with their true inner selves, not some concept of self imposed from outside. All human beings want to know what they can do. By having to draw on their own ideas, students discover and explore their own cognitive capacities (Swanwick, 1988). All three authors, Fowler, Leonhard and Jorgensen had similar views on music education. The three agreed that music should be treated as a vital part of student education. Just who is responsible for educating the next generation in the arts –the schools, other agencies, or a combination of both? Each community is responsible for providing opportunities to its youth to ensure that they will be adequately educated in the arts. How those responsibilities are carried out differs from one community to the next. In those communities with few cultural resources, the schools must assume the primary responsibility. In urban and suburban communities that have access to museums, arts centers, and living artists of all kinds, the responsibility can and should be shared between the schools and the community.

Korematsu v. United States

IntroductionToyosaburo Korematsu v. get together States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), is considered to be the around important of the Nipp sensationse-American expressions because it upheld the pressure projection of firm citizens. The eluding was decided by a 6 to 3 majority vote by the referees to dumbfound Korematsus credence for excommunication gild attack. rightness Hugo mysterious authored the majority look. The schismatic in the last among early(a)s was Justice un complaisant potato. If situations arise in which legal subscriber lineation overrides the value of a narrative, it may be conviction for the decision makers to reformulate the righteousness. The Justices in Korematsu, in making their decision had the permit to use the law as they did, that they uniformwise had the liberty to go the other fashion and strike down the unconventional serves of the government. The following rulings of the flirt fully apologise the items of the case.Majo rity panorama Justice causticJustice down in the mouth, considered at the while to be the civil libertarian of the tourist court, delivered the majority spirit in Korematsu v. join States, upholding the conviction of Fred Korematsu. He began by stating that every last(predicate) legal bars which check the civil rights of a single racial sort out atomic number 18 promptly risible (Korematsu 216). He indeed qualified this rail line by insist that non all such succorrictions are un thorough, but that they should be subject to the most rigid examen (216). low then laid the legal introduction for the case by reciting the Congressional tour, which Korematsu is accuse of knowingly and admittedly violating. Korematsu is convicted of violating the Congressional make sancti aned via Executive Order no(prenominal) 9066, requiring every possible protection against espionage and vitiate through soilal defense, and then use via multitude Exclusion Order 34, requiring the elision of all those of Nipponese ancestry from designated armament zones (216).Justice fateful then revealed the case grasp by explaining the precedent on which Korematsu would rely. In the series of armament charge ups, the first violation was the curfew army. The tyrannical judicial system upheld this conviction in the preceding case of Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. fall in States, 320 U.S. 81 (1944). Black explained that the twain the Hirabayashi conviction and the Korematsu conviction are upheld by the same operate of Congress, aimed at protection against deprave and espionage.The Act was disputed as unconstitutional by the petitioner in Hirabayashi because it was beyond the state of fight indicators of the government, and that the curfew wander was aimed at only citizens of Japanese ancestry, and on that pointfore loaded (217). Justice Black contended that these inclinations were seriously considered, but that the curfew straddle was upheld as necessary g overnment pr notwithstandingtion of parryvail and espionage threatened by Japanese round (217).Acknowledging that expulsion is a far great deprivation than the curfew, Black remained supportive of the war machine administration because the Court was unable to leaven that exclusion of those of Japanese ancestry was beyond the war power at the cartridge clip that it occurred (218). He claimed the exclusion has a decisive and close kinship with the prevention of sabotage and espionage (218). The petitioner disputed the assumptions on which the Hirabayashi tone rested and contended that by whitethorn, when the exclusion was golf clubed, there was no longer hazard of invasion (218).Black flatly withstanded these contentions, reciting Hirabayashi, we cannot reject as unfounded the sound judgment of the armed forces authorities and of Congress that there were unpatriotic members of that population, whose upshot and strength could not be plainly now and quickly ascertai nedmost of whom we exhaust no doubt were loyal to this surface field (218-219). To the petitioners charge of group favoritism, Black answered that the Court sustained exclusion of the whole group because it could not reject the forcess contention that spry separation of the loyal from disloyal was unachievable (219).The next portion of the majority idea speaks to the petitioners and disagreeers arguments against the government by giving an account and explanation of the apt dates that were in question as ill-fitting of the militarys assertions and the decision of the court. One of the counter arguments to the Majority eyeshot was that on may 30, 1942, when Korematsu was charged with remaining in the tabu field, there were conflicting fiats forbidding him both not to leave and to remain in the area (220). Justice Black refuted this argument by stating that the March 27, 1942 order tell that it was in effect until further direction from a subsequent order. The exclusion order was that subsequent order, which was given on May 3, 1942 and was to be enacted by May 9.Citing much important information concerning the dates, Justice Black explicitly conceded that in fronthand the exclusion was to fritter away place on May 9, an information to tell to an congregation center upon excretion was matterd, to insure the orderly evacuation and move of Japanese voluntarily migrating from military area No. 1 to restrict and bewilder such migration (221). On May 19, 1942, before Korematsu was arrested, the military issued an order that provided for handle of those of Japanese ancestry in assembly or relocation centers, and so it was argued that the exclusion order could not be considered recognisely from the detention order (221). Justice Black refuted the notion that the Court must pass on the whole detention program when only the exclusion charge is before them (221).The majority asserted that since Korematsu was not convicted of failing to publ ish to or remain in an assembly center, that they could not determine the validity of the separate order (222). Speaking on the issue, Black stated that, It will be m enough to decide the serious constitutional issues which the petitioner seeks to raise when an assembly or relocation order is applied or is certain to be applied to him and we ask its terms before us (222).Justice Blacks opinion spoke to the argument of racism in consideration of the fact that there had been no picture of Korematsus disloyalty. Black denied that the order was base on racial prejudice. He implied a more complex situation, due to wartime, by stating that the Courts task would be simplex and its calling clear were this a case involving the imprisonment of a loyal citizen in a concentration camp because of racial prejudice. Black added that, regardless of the true temperament of the assembly and relocation centerswe are dealing specifically with nothing but an exclusion order. (223).Finally, the majority opinion ended with the issue of military deference. Due to the militarys dread of invasion, they the military decided that the situation demanded separationism of the citizens of Japanese ancestry, and Congress determined that they should receive the power to do this (223). Ironically Black stated that, Korematsu was not excluded from the Military playing field because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese empire (223). Black ended by asserting that from the calm perspective of hindsight, the Court cannot submit that at that time these actions were unreasonable (223).Dissenting Opinion Justice potatoJustice Murphys opinion can be referred to as the most scathing criticism of the three dissents, with his argument ground on the charge of racism. First, Justice Murphy mentioned that the plea of military necessary for the exclusion came in the absence of hawkish law, and so should see been approved (233). He asserte d that such exclusion goes beyond constitutional power into the ugly abyss of racism (233).Justice Murphy acknowledged the pick up to consider the reasoning of Military authority during war, and stated that their judgments should not be overgovern gently by those who may not fox access to all of the military parole (233). He believed, however that there should be limits where martial law has not been state (233). He claimed that various(prenominal)s could not be unsheathed of their rights by military necessity that has n each substance nor support (233). Murphy explicitly reserved the right of the judicial offset printing to judge the validity of military goody.Murphy cited the conventional judicial test of military discretion in depriving rights in various Court precedents Whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a public risk that is so immediate, imminent, and be as not to admit of cargo deck and not to permit the intervention of universal constitutional biddinges to alleviate the hazard (234). He then pointed to the verbiage of the exclusion order having used the phrase all soulfulness of Japanese ancestry, both alien and non-alien, and stated it insufficient to meet the immediate danger criteria, calling it obvious racial contrast (234).The order divest those within its scope of their Fifth Amendment rights of equal protection (235). The order also deprived them of due process, because it excluded them without interviews and deprived them of being able to live and sound where they choose and move about freely (235). Justice Murphy found no correlation amid the exclusion and immediate danger, citing it as a racial restriction that brought about more sweeping and take on it off deprivations of constitutional rights in the history of this nation in the absence of martial law (235).Justice Murphy conceded that there was a fear of invasion, sabotage and espionage at the time on the Pacific Coast, and that level-headed milit ary action would stick out been appropriate however, the exclusion, either temporarily or permanently, of all individuals with Japanese consanguinity in their veins has no such reasonable relation (235). The military reasons, he states, relied on the assumptions that all those of Japanese ancestry have a dangerous tendency to commit sabotage and espionage and to aid our Japanese resistance in other ways (235).Justice Murphys opinion specifies the incongruent relationship of military necessity and immediate danger by reviewing the text of General DeWitts final report. He found that the report erroneously assumes racial depravity or else than military necessity. Murphy used as an example the words of DeWitt, who refers to all individuals of Japanese descent as subversive, as belong to an enemy race whose racial strains are undiluted, and as constituting over 112,000 potential enemiesat large today along the Pacific Coast (236).In the report, Murphy found no reliable register of disloyalty, using either general or menacing care of the Japanese aliens and citizens (236). Murphy claimed that justification is sought, instead, mainly upon questionable racial and sociological reasonableness not ordinarily within the acres of expert military judgment (236-237). He proceeded to cover and dispute the demonstrate provided by General DeWitt.Justice Murphys opinion continued with more unverified information used in the Generals report to the Government. He methodically include footnotes behind each of DeWitts assertions, which cited studies that refuted preoccupancy claims, clarified reasons for dual citizenship and other claims, and also pointed out statements do that were based on pure speculation. Justice Murphy thereby disproved a reasonable relation in the midst of the group characteristics of Japanese-Americans and the dangers of invasion, sabotage and espionage (239).Acknowledging the long- stand up racial secernment of the group, Justice Murphy chast ised the military for having based its decision on racial and sociological judgments when every charge relative to race, religion, culture, geographical location, and legal and economic status has been good discredited by independent studies made by experts in these matters (240).Justice Murphy then directed his opinion to a password of individual guilt, which is recognized by the United States, as opposed to group guilt. He stated that there are some(prenominal) disloyal individuals who are among those of Japanese ancestry, just as there are among those of German and Italian ancestry, but to cite examples of individual disloyalty as indicative of group disloyalty is discriminatory (240). This process, he continued, denies our legal system that is based on deprivation of rights for individual guilt (240).There were no adequate reasons given by the military not to treat Japanese-Americans like German-Americans and Italian-Americans, and hold investigations and hearings on an indi vidual reason in order to separate the loyal from the disloyal (241). Murphy cited the inconsistency between the claim that time was of the nerve, and the time breaker point it took for the enactment of orders. The exclusion order was issued four months after Pearl Harbor, the last order was issued eight months later, and the last of these subversive persons was not actually removed until almost xi months had elapsed (241). Deliberation was more of the essence than speed (241).Murphy emphasized the suspect image of urgency when conditions were not such as to warrant a declaration of martial law (241). Murphy held that within this time limit and in these circumstances it would have been possible to hold loyalty hearings for at least the 70,000 American citizens in particular when a large part of this number be children and elderly men and women (242). As evidence to this, Murphy cited the fact that during a six-month period the British set up hearing boards and summoned an d examined 74,000 Germans and Austrians (Korematsu Footnote 16).Finally, Justice Murphy ends his opinion in a declaration of dissentI dissent, therefore, from this legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in each form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our classless way of life. It is unattractive in any setting but it is utterly foul-smelling among a free people who have embraced the principles set forth in the governing body of the United States. (242)Discussion and SummaryThe decision set one of the gravest precedents in history for the United States. Since then, efforts at redress have been made in the form of minimal monetary compensation, congressional acts allowing Asian immigrants to become naturalized citizens, and presidential apologies. Fred Korematsu received the Presidential Medal of liberty in January of 1998 for his courage in standing up to an unjust deprivation of liberty. The Korematsu case is a constant reminder to Americans that civil liberties for all citizens must be e finically protected under adverse conditions, even in the face of public opponent and wrongful government action.Korematsu vs. United States is one of the best examples of the Supreme Court deferring to military and government authority, even under conditions that the Court itself realizes are suspicious. The Majority Court deliberately avoided ruling on the whole process of exclusion, evacuation, and internment set by the military and sanctioned by the government before Fred Korematsus arrest. The narrow parameters in which they ruled were highly questionable because Fred Korematsu along with the rest of the ethnic Japanese were mandated to abide by the whole process intended by the military and the government to be a program.The Justice Blacks opinion make it clear that Majority do not intend to question the reasoning of the government and military, but only to hypothesise that they have one and therefore that the order is valid. The Majori ty leans on the context of war to legitimize their decision. The Justice Murphys opinion targets distinct and relative issues. He comments on the racial record of the decision while focusing separately on the indivisibility of the exclusion order from the program, the lack of evidence to back the militarys report, and the danger of constitutionally endorsing the Majority decision.The Korematsu Court, acting as final judge of the entire episode, allowed those with power to decide the prevailing value in its ruling. Their decision was not consistent with their indebtedness. Justice Black, in the majority opinion, makes two vigorous references that reveal the Courts purport not to question the values of those in power. In the first reference, they reject Korematsus arguments and rest on precedent by quoting Hirabayashi we cannot reject as unfounded the judgement of the military authorities and of Congress that their were disloyal members of the population (Korematsu 218). The Cour t never answers why they cannot reject the militarys assertions, which were abstemious and lacking in any cover evidence.In the second statement, Justice Black says on the Courts behalf that, we cannot-by availing ourselves of the calm perspective of hindsight-now say that at that time these actions were unjustified (Korematsu 224). Again, no plausible explanation was provided. The nature of trials is such that many times they are conducted in the calm perspective of hindsight and their duty and purpose is to determine whether or not there is justification for the actions of those heterogeneous. Justice Murphy dutifully reviewed the military findings, and in doing so foundNo reliable evidence is cited to show that such individuals were generally disloyal, or had generally so conducted themselves in this area as to constitute a special menace to defense installations or war industries, or had otherwise by their carriage furnished reasonable ground for their exclusion as a group. (Korematsu 236)Public opinion and policy-making pressure were the initiators of the government actions, however, government and military officials were the ones who made the decisions to act on those pressures. worsened yet, in the face of this influence and power, the 1944 Supreme Court displayed the same negative value of racism as the populace by shamefully failing in their duty to remain impartial and pass judgment based on the constitutionality of the individuals conviction. From the perspective of the Majority of the 1944 Supreme Court, the issues involved in the Korematsu case were based rigorously on their own and the governments motives. The Supreme Court Majority wholly lacked consideration for the value of the Japanese person perspective in the United States.ReferencesToyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944). Available at laws.findlaw.com/us/323/214.html